Alice Munro

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Alice Munro
Munro in 2006
Munro in 2006
BornAlice Ann Laidlaw
(1931-07-10)10 July 1931
Wingham, Ontario, Canada
Died13 May 2024(2024-05-13) (aged 92)
Port Hope, Ontario, Canada
OccupationShort-story writer
LanguageEnglish
Alma materThe University of Western Ontario
GenreShort fiction, short story cycle, literary fiction
Notable awardsGovernor General's Award (1968, 1978, 1986)
Giller Prize (1998, 2004)
Man Booker International Prize (2009)
Nobel Prize in Literature (2013)
Spouse
James Munro
​
​
(m. 1951; div. 1972)​
Gerald Fremlin
​
​
(m. 1976; died 2013)​
Children4

Alice Ann Munro (/mənˈroʊ/; née Laidlaw /ˈleɪdlɔː/; 10 July 1931 – 13 May 2024) was a Canadian short story writer who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013. Munro's work has been described as revolutionizing the architecture of the short story, especially in its tendency to move forward and backward in time,[1] and with integrated short fiction cycles, in which she displayed "inarguable virtuosity".[2] Her stories have been said to "embed more than announce, reveal more than parade".[3] She was described as the "master of the short story".[4][5]

Munro's fiction is most often set in her native Huron County in southwestern Ontario.[6] Her stories explore human complexities in an uncomplicated prose style.[7] Her writing established Munro as "one of our greatest contemporary writers of fiction", or, as Cynthia Ozick put it, "our Chekhov".[8] Aside from the Nobel Prize, Munro received many awards for her work as "master of the contemporary short story",[9] and the 2009 Man Booker International Prize for her lifetime body of work. She was also a three-time winner of Canada's Governor General's Award for Fiction, and received the Writers' Trust of Canada's 1996 Marian Engel Award and the 2004 Rogers Writers' Trust Fiction Prize for Runaway.[9][10][11][12]

Early life and education[edit]

Munro was born Alice Ann Laidlaw in Wingham, Ontario. Her father, Robert Eric Laidlaw, was a fox and mink farmer,[13] and later turned to turkey farming.[14] Her mother, Anne Clarke Laidlaw (née Chamney), was a schoolteacher. She was of Irish and Scottish descent; her father was a descendant of Scottish poet James Hogg, the Ettrick Shepherd.[15]

Munro began writing as a teenager, publishing her first story, "The Dimensions of a Shadow", in 1950 while studying English and journalism at the University of Western Ontario on a two-year scholarship.[16][17] During this period she worked as a waitress, a tobacco picker, and a library clerk. In 1951, she left the university, where she had been majoring in English since 1949, to marry fellow student James Munro. They moved to Dundarave, West Vancouver, for James's job in a department store. In 1963, the couple moved to Victoria, where they opened Munro's Books, which still operates.[18]

Career[edit]

Munro's highly acclaimed first collection of stories, Dance of the Happy Shades (1968), won the Governor General's Award, then Canada's highest literary prize.[19] That success was followed by Lives of Girls and Women (1971), a collection of interlinked stories. In 1978, Munro's collection of interlinked stories Who Do You Think You Are? was published. This book earned Munro a second Governor General's Literary Award[20] and was short-listed for the Booker Prize for Fiction in 1980 under its international title, The Beggar Maid.[21]

From 1979 to 1982, Munro toured Australia, China and Scandinavia for public appearances and readings.[22] In 1980, she held the position of writer in residence at both the University of British Columbia and the University of Queensland.[23]

From the 1980s to 2012, Munro published a short-story collection at least once every four years. First versions of Munro's stories have appeared in journals such as The Atlantic Monthly, Grand Street, Harper's Magazine, Mademoiselle, The New Yorker, Narrative Magazine, and The Paris Review. Her collections have been translated into 13 languages.[24] On 10 October 2013, Munro was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, cited as a "master of the contemporary short story".[9][10][25] She was the first Canadian and the 13th woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.[26]

Munro is noted for her longtime association with editor and publisher Douglas Gibson.[27] When Gibson left Macmillan of Canada in 1986 to launch the Douglas Gibson Books imprint at McClelland and Stewart, Munro returned the advance Macmillan had already paid her for The Progress of Love so that she could follow Gibson to the new company.[28] Munro and Gibson retained their professional association; when Gibson published his memoirs in 2011, Munro wrote the introduction, and until her death Gibson often made public appearances on Munro's behalf when her health prevented her from appearing personally.[29]

Almost 20 of Munro's works have been made available for free on the web, in most cases only the first versions.[30] From the period before 2003, 16 stories have been included in Munro's own compilations more than twice, with two of her works scoring four republications: "Carried Away" and "Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage".[31]

Film adaptations of Munro's short stories include Martha, Ruth and Edie (1988), Edge of Madness (2002), Away from Her (2006), Hateship, Loveship (2013) and Julieta (2016).[5][32]

Writing[edit]

Many of Munro's stories are set in Huron County, Ontario. Her strong regional focus is one of her fiction's features. Asked after she won the Nobel Prize, "What can be so interesting in describing small town Canadian life?" Munro replied, "You just have to be there."[33] Another feature is an omniscient narrator who serves to make sense of the world. Many compare Munro's small-town settings to writers from the rural American South. As in the work of William Faulkner and Flannery O'Connor, Munro's characters often confront deep-rooted customs and traditions, but her characters' reactions are generally less intense than their Southern counterparts'. Her male characters tend to capture the essence of the everyman, while her female characters are more complex. Much of Munro's work exemplifies the Southern Ontario Gothic literary subgenre.[34]

Munro's work is often compared with the great short-story writers. In her stories, as in Chekhov's, plot is secondary and "little happens". As in Chekhov, Garan Holcombe writes, "All is based on the epiphanic moment, the sudden enlightenment, the concise, subtle, revelatory detail." Munro's work deals with "love and work, and the failings of both. She shares Chekhov's obsession with time and our much-lamented inability to delay or prevent its relentless movement forward."[35]

A frequent theme of her work, particularly in her early stories, has been the dilemmas of a girl coming of age and coming to terms with her family and her small hometown.[5] In work such as Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (2001) and Runaway (2004) she shifted her focus to the travails of middle age, women alone, and the elderly.[32] Her characters often experience a revelation that sheds light on, and gives meaning to, an event.

Munro's prose reveals the ambiguities of life: "ironic and serious at the same time," "mottoes of godliness and honor and flaming bigotry," "special, useless knowledge," "tones of shrill and happy outrage," "the bad taste, the heartlessness, the joy of it." Her style juxtaposes the fantastic and the ordinary, with each undercutting the other in ways that simply and effortlessly evoke life.[36] Robert Thacker wrote:

Munro's writing creates ... an empathetic union among readers, critics most apparent among them. We are drawn to her writing by its verisimilitude—not of mimesis, so-called and ... "realism"—but rather the feeling of being itself ... of just being a human being.[37]

Many critics have written that Munro's stories often have the emotional and literary depth of novels. Some have asked whether Munro actually writes short stories or novels. Alex Keegan, writing in Eclectica, gave a simple answer: "Who cares? In most Munro stories there is as much as in many novels."[38]

Research on Munro's work has been undertaken since the early 1970s, with the first PhD thesis published in 1972.[39] The first book-length volume collecting the papers presented at the University of Waterloo first conference on her work, The Art of Alice Munro: Saying the Unsayable, was published in 1984.[40] In 2003/2004, the journal Open Letter. Canadian quarterly review of writing and sources published 14 contributions on Munro's work. In 2010, the Journal of the Short Story in English (JSSE)/Les cahiers de la nouvelle dedicated a special issue to Munro, and in 2012 an issue of the journal Narrative focussed on a single story by Munro, "Passion" (2004), with an introduction, summary of the story, and five analytical essays.[40]

Creating new versions[edit]

Munro published variant versions of her stories, sometimes within a short span of time. Her stories "Save the Reaper" and "Passion" came out in two different versions in the same year, in 1998 and 2004 respectively. Two other stories were republished in a variant versions about 30 years apart, "Home" (1974/2006/2014) and "Wood" (1980/2009).[41]

In 2006 Ann Close and Lisa Dickler Awano reported that Munro had not wanted to reread the galleys of Runaway (2004): "No, because I'll rewrite the stories." In their symposium contribution An Appreciation of Alice Munro, they say that Munro wrote eight versions of her story "Powers", for example.[42]

Section variants of "Wood".

Awano writes that "Wood" is a good example of how Munro, "a tireless self-editor",[43] rewrites and revises a story, in this case returning to it for a second publication nearly 30 years later, revising characterizations, themes and perspectives, as well as rhythmic syllables, a conjunction or a punctuation mark. The characters change, too. Inferring from the perspective they take on things, they are middle-age in 1980, and in 2009 they are older. Awano perceives a heightened lyricism brought about not least by the poetic precision of the revision Munro undertakes.[43] The 2009 version has eight sections to the 1980 version's three, and a new ending. Awano writes that Munro literally "refinishes" the first take on the story with an ambiguity characteristic of her endings, and that Munro reimagines her stories throughout her work in various ways.[43]

Personal life[edit]

Munro married James Munro in 1951.[5] Their daughters Sheila, Catherine, and Jenny were born in 1953, 1955, and 1957, respectively; Catherine died the day of her birth due to a kidney dysfunction.[44]

In 1963, the Munros moved to Victoria, where they opened Munro's Books, a popular bookstore still in business.[5] In 1966, their daughter Andrea was born.[5] Alice and James Munro divorced in 1972.[5]

Munro returned to Ontario to become writer in residence at the University of Western Ontario, and in 1976 received an honorary LLD from the institution. In 1976, she married Gerald Fremlin, a cartographer and geographer she met in her university days.[16] The couple moved to a farm outside Clinton, Ontario, and later to a house in Clinton, where Fremlin died on 17 April 2013, aged 88.[45] Munro and Fremlin also owned a home in Comox, British Columbia.[24]

In 2002, Sheila Munro published a childhood memoir, Lives of Mothers and Daughters: Growing Up with Alice Munro.[46]

In 2009 Munro revealed that she had received treatment for cancer and for a heart condition requiring coronary-artery bypass surgery.[47]

Death[edit]

Munro died at her home in Port Hope, Ontario, on 13 May 2024, at the age of 92. She had been suffering from dementia for at least 12 years.[48][49]

Legacy[edit]

Munro's work has been described as revolutionizing the architecture of the short story, especially in its tendency to move forward and backward in time,[1] and with integrated short fiction cycles, in which she hdisplayed "inarguable virtuosity".[2] Her stories have been said to "embed more than announce, reveal more than parade".[3]

Munro was seen as a pioneer in short story telling with the Swedish Academy calling her a "master of the contemporary short story" who could "accommodate the entire epic complexity of the novel in just a few short pages."[50] Her works and career has been ranked alongside other well established short story writers such as Anton Chekhov and John Cheever.[50] In her obituary in The New York Times, Munro's works was credited for "attracting a new generation of readers" and called her a "master of the short story".[5]

Her work has been considered a "national treasure" for Canada as they focused largely on life in rural Canada from the perspective of womanhood.[51][4] Fellow Canadian novelist Margaret Atwood referred to Munro as a "pioneer for women, and for Canadians".[50] The Associated Press said that Munro "perfected one of the greatest tricks of any art form: illuminating the universal through the particular, creating stories set around Canada that appealed to readers far away."[52]

Sherry Linkon, professor at Georgetown University, said that Munro's works "helped remodel and revitalize the short-story form".[32] The complexity of the themes explored throughout the written works such as womanhood, death, relationships, aging and themes associated with the Counterculture of the 1960s were seen as groundbreaking, especially since they were able to be captured in the short story form.[5][53]

Upon winning the Booker Prize, her works were described by judges of the committee as "[bringing] as much depth, wisdom and precision to every story as most novelists bring to a lifetime of novels".[51]

Works[edit]

Main article: List of short stories by Alice Munro

Original short-story collections[edit]

Short-story compilations[edit]

  • Selected Stories (later retitled Selected Stories 1968–1994 and A Wilderness Station: Selected Stories, 1968–1994) – 1996[66]
  • No Love Lost – 2003[67]
  • Vintage Munro – 2004[68]
  • Alice Munro's Best: A Selection of Stories – Toronto 2006 / Carried Away: A Selection of Stories – New York 2006; both 17 stories (spanning 1977–2004) with an introduction by Margaret Atwood[69]
  • My Best Stories – 2009[70]
  • New Selected Stories – 2011[71]
  • Lying Under the Apple Tree. New Selected Stories – 2014[72]
  • Family Furnishings: Selected Stories 1995–2014 – 2014[73]

Selected awards and honours[edit]

Awards[edit]

Honours[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Bosman, Julie (10 October 2013). "Alice Munro Wins Nobel Prize in Literature". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  2. ^ a b Lynch, Gerald (2001). The One and the Many: English-Canadian Short Story Cycles. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. xiv. doi:10.3138/9781442681941. ISBN 0-8020-3511-6.
  3. ^ a b W. H. New. "Literature in English". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 18 August 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  4. ^ a b "Alice Munro, Nobel Prize winner and 'master of the short story,' dies at 92". CNN. 14 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Alice Munro, Nobel Laureate and Master of the Short Story, Dies at 92". The New York Times. 14 May 2024. Archived from the original on 14 May 2024. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  6. ^ Marchand, Philip (29 August 2009). "She'll Curl Your Hair". The National Post. Toronto: CanWest MediaWorks INC. p. 36. Retrieved 14 May 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  7. ^ Meyer, Michael. "Alice Munro". Meyer Literature. Archived from the original on 12 December 2007.
  8. ^ Merkin, Daphne (24 October 2004). "Northern Exposures". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2008.
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  10. ^ a b Bosman, Julie (10 October 2013). "Alice Munro Wins Nobel Prize in Literature". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  11. ^ "Alice Munro wins Man Booker International prize". The Guardian. 27 May 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2016.
  12. ^ a b "Past Writers' Trust Engel/Findley Award Winners". Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  13. ^ Jeanne McCulloch; Mona Simpson (Summer 1994). "The Art of Fiction No. 137". The Paris Review. No. 131. ISSN 0031-2037. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  14. ^ Gaunce, Julia, Suzette Mayr, Don LePan, Marjorie Mather, and Bryanne Miller, eds. "Alice Munro." The Broadview Anthology of Short Fiction. 2nd ed. Buffalo, NY: Broadview Press, 2012.
  15. ^ Taylor, Catherine (10 October 2013). "For Alice Munro, small is beautiful". Archived from the original on 12 January 2022 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
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  24. ^ a b Preface. Dance of the Happy Shades. Alice Munro. First Vintage contemporaries Edition, August 1998. ISBN 0-679-78151-X Vintage Books, A Division of Random House, Inc. New York City.
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  26. ^ Saul Bellow, the 1976 laureate, was born in Canada, but he moved to the United States at age nine and became a US citizen at twenty-six.
  27. ^ Panofsky, Ruth (2012). The Literary Legacy of the Macmillan Company of Canada: Making Books and Mapping Culture. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-9877-1.
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  30. ^ Which of the stories have free Web versions.
  31. ^ For further details, see List of short stories by Alice Munro.
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  33. ^ Hall, Linda (26 October 2017). "What's the best way to find fans of Alice Munro? Start quoting her work". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  34. ^ Susanne Becker, Gothic Forms of Feminine Fictions. Manchester University Press, 1999.
  35. ^ Holcombe, Garan (2005). "Alice Munro". Contemporary Writers. London: British Arts Council. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  36. ^ Hoy, Helen (1980). "Dull, Simple, Amazing and Unfathomable: Paradox and Double Vision In Alice Munro's Fiction". Studies in Canadian Literature. 5 (1). University of New Brunswick. Archived from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2007.
  37. ^ Thacker, Robert; MacKendrick, Louis K. (1998). "Review of Some other reality: Alice Munro's Something I've been Meaning to Tell You". Journal of Canadian Studies (Summer 1998). Peterborough, Ontario: Trent University. ISSN 1911-0251. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  38. ^ Keegan, Alex (August–September 1998). "Munro: The Short Answer". Eclectica Magazine. 2 (5). Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
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  40. ^ a b Ventura, Héliane (Autumn 2010). "Introduction to Special issue: The Short Stories of Alice Munro". Journal of the Short Story in English. Les Cahiers de la nouvelle (55).
  41. ^ For details please see List of short stories by Alice Munro
  42. ^ An Appreciation of Alice Munro Archived 22 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine, by Ann Close and Lisa Dickler Awano, Compiler and Editor. In: The Virginia Quarterly Review. VQR Symposium on Alice Munro. Summer 2006, pp. 102–105.
  43. ^ a b c Lisa Dickler Awano, Kindling The Creative Fire: Alice Munro's Two Versions of "Wood" Archived 29 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, New Haven Review, 30 May 2012.
  44. ^ Thacker, Robert (2014). "Alice Munro – Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
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Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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